论科学还原与科学革命共存的可能性

科学史中存在着许多科学革命与科学还原共存的真实案例,这与大众观点所强调的二者在科学理论观和科学问题观上的对立性和互不相容性正好背道而驰。历史上,主要存在两种驳斥革命与还原对立说的主张:一种是Shap-in的"无革命说",另一种是Schaffner的"革命、还原同一说"。其中,前者否认科学革命的本体存在,而后者否认科学革命的相对独立性,即否认革命在认识论上的可区分性,这两种驳斥对立说的主张都过于极端。事实上,为了辩护革命与还原之间的共存,可以直接诘难库恩早期的那种革命观:首先,库恩的"范式"概念是模糊的;其次,"革命"在本质上存在着不彻底性;最后,彻底的相对主义是不存在的。此外,革命与还原的共存还可以从"还原所具有的革命性"得到验证。还原的革命性体现在还原理论与被还原理论之间所存在的异质性,尤其是体现在二者的术语在意义上的变化性。

On the Possibilities of Coexistence between Reduction and Revolution

In the history of science,there are many cases about the coexistence of scientific revolution and scientific reduction.The fact is opposite to some current views,which emphasize the split between them.By this time,there are two opinions which refute the split doctrine: Shapin’s "no-revolution in science" and Schaffner’s "identical formalization between revolution and reduction".In other words,the former has denied completely the ontological existence of scientific revolution,and the latter has denied completely the relative independence of scientific revolution which makes it undiscerned in epistemology.In my opinion,the two doctrines are rather extreme.In order to give a justification for the coexistence of revolution and reduction,we should argue against Kuhn’s early viewpoints about revolution.Firstly,the meaning of paradigms is unclear.Secondly,none of scientific revolutions is thorough innovation.Thirdly,the absolute relativism is inexistence.Moreover,the coexistence of them can be argued by one proof,namely,the revolutionary properties of reductions.The revolutionary nature of reduction can also be seen in the heterogeneity existing between the theory of reduction and the theory of being reduced,especially in the alteration of the meanings of the terminology of the two expressions.