论水伦理构建的哲学基础

构建人水和谐的水伦理是破解全球性水危机的重要理论前提。人与水的关系主要有三大类型:即被动地依附和顺从关系、任意地征服和冲突关系、自觉的伙伴与和谐关系。第一大类型的人水关系源于先民们形成的"以水为本、以水为师、人水合一、和谐共生"的水伦理观念,它是建立在前现代以主张万物有灵论和自然崇拜为特征的自然客体中心论哲学基础之上的;第二大类型的人水关系是与人水交往中缺乏水伦理密切相关,而这归根结底是由近现代以来人类中心主义的单一主体中心论所致。建设第三大类型的人水关系有待于重构水伦理。后现代生态中心主义主张人们对水要怀有敬畏平等之心、履行关爱之责的水伦理观。但是,其赖以建立的泛主体论哲学依然难以彻底解答水伦理何以可能的难题;只有倡导和坚持以"主体—客体—主体"为关系结构的唯物主义交往实践论,方能合理构建起当代水伦理,进而为倡导人水和合、协同发展的水伦理走向实践,提供合法性、合理性和持久性支撑。

The Philosophical Foundation of the Construction of Water Ethics

Constructing water ethics of the harmonious man-water relationship is the important theoretical premise of solving global water crisis.The man-water relationship consists of three main forms: the relationship of passive dependence and obedience,the relationship of discretionary conquest and conflict,the relationship of conscious partner and harmony.The first form stems from the ancestors’ following ideas: the idea of water-orientation,the idea of water as a master,and the idea of man-water harmonious coexistence.Such form is based on the philosophical idea of nature object-centricity featured by premodern animism and nature worship.The second form lacks the connection between man and water in proess of communication,which results from the modern idea of man-centricity with single subject.To construct the third form,it is necessary to reconstruct water ethics.The postmodern idea of ecocentrism holds that man should show honor to water,revere water and implement water ethics of concern.However,such idea still depends on pan-subjectivism which fails to completely deal with the problem of the possibility of water ethics.Then the paper maintains that it is materialism communication practice of subject-object-subject relationship that can reasoanbly construct contemporary water ethics which advocates man-water harmony and coordiantion development.Such idea of water ethics can be implemented in practice and may get legitimate,valid and lasting support.