屈原《离骚》用礼探微

屈原博文强志,熟谙礼仪,故能接遇宾客,应对诸侯,屈原自觉不自觉间渗透礼制于《离骚》文字之中,包括崇祖之礼、命名取字之礼、茝兰赐献之礼、前驱导路之礼、盟誓之礼、陈词祈祝之礼、昏礼、卜筮之礼、佩玉之礼、大夫士去国逾竟之礼、宗庙乐舞之礼、车马礼制等。总体来看,《离骚》用礼虚实相间,多有象征义;数量众多,涉及范围广;以周礼为本而又融入楚地习俗。东周礼崩乐坏之际,礼制并未完全丧失固有作用,作为身份等级衡量标准,依旧有其存在价值和意义,因而《离骚》用礼数量众多,涉及范围广;周代贵族熟悉礼仪,礼为社会交往之需,因而屈原可以因礼设喻,不虞其义不达;《离骚》用礼以周礼为本,融入楚地习俗,周礼直而通达,楚俗摇曳多姿,屈原可谓兼得,故能以约文、微辞表与日月争光之高志。

Exploration of Etiquette Expressed in Qu Yuan＇s ＂Lisao＂

Qu Yuan was well read with a strong will and familiar with etiquette for guests and princes.Etiquette system is unconsciously infiltrated in Qu Yuan’s works,including the rituals of ancestor worshiping,the ceremony for naming the newborns,the sacrifice offering ceremony,the ritual for guidance,the rite for oath of alliance,the formal procedure for praying and wishes,wedding ceremony,the rite of divination,the procedures for mascot jade-wearing,the ritual of boarder-crossing by officials,the rite of music and performance in ancestral temple,and order of wagon and horses for different social classes.On the whole,the kinds of etiquette expressed in "Lisao" are mostly with symbolic meaning,practical mingling with superstition;great in quantity and vast in covering ranges;and based on the rituals of Zhou Dynasty but localized into the custom of the Kingdom of Chu.In the period of rites collapsing in East Zhou Dynasty,the social etiquette did not completely lost its inherited functioning,and its value and significance as judging criteria for identity still existed,hence the great in quantity and vast in covering ranges of etiquette in "Lisao".As the nobles in Zhou Dynasty were familiar with etiquette for social life,so Qu Yuan could use metaphor with etiquette without the fear of incomprehensibility.As the etiquette reflected in "Lisao" is based on the rituals of Zhou Dynasty but localized into the custom of the Kingdom of Chu,the former direct and formal and the latter flexible and colorful,so Qu Yuan used both to express his lofty ideals in various texts.