秦汉市场商品来源与商业形式

秦汉市场经济较繁荣,商品丰富,主要有四个来源:一是小农的农产品及家庭副业产品,二是私营手工业者生产的手工业产品,三是官营作坊生产的工业产品,四是周边各少数民族及外国输入的商品。而商品流通的形式主要有三种。

Commodity Source and Commercial Forms in Markets of the Qin-Han Period

Markets in the Qin-Han period were more prosperous than the pre-Qin period,and commodities were abundant.There were mainly four sources: the first is husbandry and textile goods produced by numerous petty farmers and specialized farmers;tie second is handicrafts produced by private handicraftsmen;the third is some of the industrial goods produced by government-run industries;the fourth is commodities from neighboring minority groups and commodities imported from foreign countries.There are mainly three types of merchandise circulations: the first is direct transaction between the petty farmers,as well as direct transaction between the petty farmers and petty handicraftsmen,which did not require involvement of merchants as the intermediaries and is a lower level type of commerce.The second involved merchants as the intermediaries,which can be classified in two groups: In the first group,some petty farmers and petty professional merchants were involved in short distance trafficking in a small regional market;in the second group,big professional merchants and some officials and landlords are involved in long distance trafficking in regional markets and also in the whole national market.It is a higher level commercial form.The third is government owned commerce.