超越自由主义与社群主义——论哈贝马斯与墨菲对政治哲学自由观的重构

为了理解当代自由主义同社群主义之间有关自由观争论的实质,有必要对两种自由分与合的内在理路进行阐释。从法国自由主义思想家贡斯当对古代人自由和现代人自由的区分,再到柏林积极自由与消极自由的著名二分法,人们似乎在此基础上能够辨析近代以来西方自由主义政治传统。然而,随着当代强势的社群主义者把尖锐的矛头指向柏林的消极自由观,并以某种过于夸张的形式把积极自由与消极自由的截然对立误解为当代社群主义——自由主义论战的实质,这在某种程度上引起了包括哈贝马斯、尚塔尔.墨菲的警觉。他们以一种以包容、扬弃和超越这种抽象对峙为目标的理性辩护,演进着当代政治哲学自由观重构的政治命题。

Beyond Liberalism and Communitarianism: Reconstructing the Concept of Liberty in Political Philosophy by Habermas and Murphy

In order to understand the essence of debates about the concept of liberty between liberalism and communitarianism,it is necessary to elaborate the trace of integration and separation of two kinds of liberty.From the distinction between the liberty of the ancient and liberty of the modern proposed by Constant,a French liberalist,to Berlin's well-known dichotomy of positive liberty and negative liberty,it seems that the western liberal political tradition can be clarified.However,the strong school of contemporary communitarianism tends to sharply criticize Berlin's negative liberty and misunderstands that the distinction between positive liberty and negative liberty is the essence of the liberal communitarian debate.This phenomenon,to some degree,arouses the vigilance of scholars such as Habermas and Murphy,and therefore they tolerate,discard and surpass the abstract distinction in an effort to reconstruct the concept of liberty in the contemporary political philosophy.