宋元易代之际的南宋士大夫——以浙东地区的士大夫为主

自西周以来，在分封制中就有大夫和士的等级，当时的士、大夫和士大夫，既习文，又不摒弃武事，所以并无严格的文武之分。魏晋以后到唐代，随着察举制和科举制的盛行，具有一定文化知识而入仕的士人大增，士大夫逐渐成为文臣的专称。赵宋政权建立后，通过改革科举制度，造就了大批以科举入仕的士大夫。进入南宋，浙东地区以其深厚的文化底蕴和地近京畿的有利条件，更多的士人通过科举进入士大夫行列。宋元易代之际，士大夫中主要形成了三种政治态度:坚持抗元，直至殉国；隐居山林，拒绝征召；归降元朝，成为貮臣。其成因有三:一是“华夷之辨”的认识和儒家思想的教育；二是力图通过文化优势，消极反抗元政权；三是南宋尚武精神的缺失，一些人在元朝的威逼利诱下，自觉不自觉地走上了屈辱投降的道路。其中，持第二种政治态度的士大夫占了绝大多数，以王应麟、黄震、胡三省为代表浙东士大夫，可以作为他们的典型代表。

. The Scholar-officials of Eastern Zhejiang in Transitory Period of Southern Song Dynasty

There existed the differences in titles between scholars and senior state officials in the land-granting system of Western Zhou Dynasty. The scholars and officials pursued liberal arts as well as martial arts. With the popularity of the recommendatory system and imperial civil examination system from Wei Dynasty through Tang Dynasty, quite a few cultivated scholars became officials and so the scholar-official became the title only for officials of liberal arts. After Song Dynasty, the reform of imperial civil examination system produced many officials. In Southern Song Dynasty, still more scholars from eastern Zhejiang became officials via civil examination system. Three attitudes formed in the transitory period from Song to Yuan Dynasty, i.e., those fighting against Yuan till death; those retiring into forests and refusing to take positions; those surrendering and becoming an official in Yuan Dynasty. The reasons are as follows, first it was because the difference between China and minority nationality and the education of Ruism; secondly, they wanted to fight against Yuan Dynasty by relying on cultural superiority; thirdly, the lack of martial spirit made someone become surrenders under Yuan Dynasty’s force and bribery. Those taking the second attitudes are predominant. The scholar-officials eastern Zhejiang as Wang Yinglin, Huang Zhen, Hu Sansheng were typical examples.