人心管理:社会管理的重中之重

所谓社会管理,从根本上讲是对人的管理,其中主要包含两个方面:一是对人的行为的管理；二是对人心的管理.行为管理主要依靠制度强制,人心管理主要依靠道德教化.综观中国历史,历代王朝的社会管理基本上都是以人心管理为主,以行为管理为辅,亦即“德主刑辅”.统治者们期望通过道德礼俗的教化作用,提高人们的内在修养,从而凝聚人心,规范行为.这种特殊的社会管理方式也造就了中国社会独特的社会秩序,即“礼俗社会”或“伦理社会”.可是,人心似乎并非完全受制于社会道德,同时还要受制于人的需求.人的需求可以说是一切社会管理的基础,它引导着人们是最终“向善”还是“向恶”.所以,人们的需求满足与否,将直接关系到人心能否凝聚,行为是否规范.因此,强化人心管理,除了需要进行道德教化之外,还必须优化社会资源配置,促进社会公平公正.

People Management: Key of Keys in the Social Management

Social management is in fact people management,which includes two aspects: management of behavior which depends on rules,and management of spirit which depends on morals and education.In Chinese history,management of spirit is the key.Rulers wanted to improve people’s spiritual quality so that people’s behaviors could be regulated,so this way of management brought about a unique social order of ceremony or ethical society.In the meantime,people are still restrained by their needs,and people’s needs should be the basis of social management,which leads to "goodness" or "evil",so people management needs morals,education and distribution of social resources in order to promote social justice.