乾隆朝的道教事务管理

乾隆朝是清代最为兴盛的朝代，为巩固统治，乾隆帝强化了各方面的专制举措，在宗教方面，乾隆帝对道教的管理主要涉及道教度牒、宫观的修造、龙虎山张真人与道士娄近垣以及神乐观的改革几个方面。为限制道教势力的发展，他重新制定和实施新的道教度牒和道籍制度，颁发多条道教宫观的修造禁令，对神乐观进行 “去道教化”的改革。同时，他还对龙虎山张真人及道士娄近垣的地位和权力进行贬抑，强化清政府对道教的管控。这些举措与乾隆帝本人对道教的态度有一定关系，并最终影响到上层道教在清代中后期的衰落。

Taoist Transaction Management in Qianlong Period

The reign of Emperor Qianlong is the most prosperous period in the Qing Dynasty. To consolidate the domination, Emperor Qianlong strengthened all aspects of repressive measures. In religion, management matters were mainly related to Taoist Dudie, the construction of temples, the designation of Zhang Zhenren and priests Lou Jinyuan, and the reform of shen yeeh kuan. For the limitation of Taoism development, he reestablished and implemented new Taoism Dudie and registration system, and issued a number of prohibitions to restrict the construction of Taoist temple, as well as the reform in shen yeeh kuan. Also, he degraded the status and the power of Zhang Zhenren and priests Lou Jinyuan, and strengthened the management and control of the Qing government to Taoism. All the measures were closely related to the attitude of Emperor Qianlong towards Taoism and ultimately affected the development of the upper layer of Taoism in the late Qing Dynasty.