高校少数民族毕业生就业问题及对策研究——以西南民族大学为例

大学生就业问题近年来成为社会各界关注的热点问题,少数民族大学毕业生的就业问题因其既具有共性,又带有特性,更应成为关注的焦点。本文基于对西南民族大学少数民族毕业生就业问题的调研,发现当前成都地区高校少数民族毕业生一定程度存在热衷大城市就业,沟通能力相对不足,从事工作与所学专业不对口,易受到不公对待等就业问题。究其原因,我们认为与少数民族大学毕业生的传统择业观、汉语水平、学校的专业设置以及用人单位的不当认识有关。为此,本文提出政府应加大对少数民族大学毕业生就业的关注程度;学校应提高少数民族大学生的综合素质;社会应创造公平公正的就业环境;少数民族大学生应提升自身能力、转变择业观念等相关对策建议。

A Study on the Employment Problems of Ethnic Minority Graduates and Its Countermeasure

When China＇ s economic development slows down,but the number of college graduates constantly increases,the problem of the difficulty of college students finding employment becomes not only an economic problem,but also a social problem,and even a political problem. The problem of employment for ethnic minority college students is much more so. How to solve effectively the problem of the minority college students＇ employment difficulty is an issue related to ethnic unity,social stability and national prosperity and has a very important political,social and economic significance. Hence,this research is based on the results from a survey conducted at the Southwest University for Nationalities,and it tries to provide some corresponding suggestions for solving the employment problems of ethnic minority graduates in the universities of Chengdu. The target of this survey were the ethnic minority graduates who enrolled in Southwest University for Nationalities in 2009. Using the principles of random sampling,a total number of 500 questionnaires were distributed. Among these 480 questionnaires were completed and collected. Therefore,the efficiency of the questionnaires is 96%. Through the survey,we find that the main problems related to present ethnic minority college students＇ employment are four aspects described as follows： 1. Minority college students prefer to work in big cities. The big cities have strong attraction to the minority college students,and half of the graduates prefer to stay in the big cities. This creates a contradiction,because the employment situation in the big cities is already so serious that it is difficult for the big cities to accept so many college graduates. However,some minority areas which need talent are not able to attract excellent minority college graduates. 2. The minority college students lack communication skills. Ethnic minority college graduates have their own languages or writing system,and most of them lived in ethnic regions and are used to speaking ethnic languages. They only come to other cities for the first time when they become college students,and begin to communicate directly with other nationalities. Hence,their Chinese proficiency is not high which in turn influences their communication skills. 3. The careers of the minority college graduates are not strongly associated with their majors. When the ethnic minority college students spend 4 to 5 years learning their major courses, and,in the end,their career has not much relation with their major courses,it is possible that this influences their working enthusiasm, and reduces their expectations of the work. This is not good for the long- term development of the work units,as well as the self- development of the graduates. The data from the investigation indicates that most ethnic minority college students think that the mismatch of their majors and careers will create some difficulties in their employment,but they have no alternative way. 4. It is easy for ethnic minority college graduates to receive unfair treatment in employment. In addition to the general unfair treatment,for example discrimination against certain universities,sex etc., ethnic minority college students are sometimes in a disadvantaged position due to their ethnic identity. Some employers prefer to employ non- ethnic- minority graduates in consideration of language,custom and capability. The following aspects are the causes of the problems mentioned above： The first is that the minority college students are influenced by the traditional concept on job choosing; the second is that the Chinese proficiency of the ethnic minority college students is relatively low; the third is that the professional courses in the university do not meet the practical needs of the society; the fourth is that the employers have an incorrect understanding about ethnic minority college graduates. Therefore,the government,universities,society and individuals,etc. should cooperate with each other and implement the following actions so as to promote positively the employment of minority college graduates： 1. The government should increase the degree of its attention to the employment problem of ethnic minority college graduates. Firstly,the government should make specific employment policy related to the minority college graduates. The government should give some corresponding preferential policy to those ethnic minority graduates who go back to work in the ethnic regions by providing a corresponding subsistence allowance,and preferential policy of adding some marks when they take the examination of civil service or postgraduate entrance exams. This should be done so as to increase the enthusiasm of the ethnic minority college graduates to go back to work in their hometowns and encourage them to serve in the minority areas. Secondly, the government should pay more attention to the development of the universities for nationalities,build up an exchange and cooperation platform for these universities for nationalities and the employers,and provide the minority students practicum opportunities in government and enterprises during their college time so that they can combine theory with practice,and cultivate their abilities.. 2. The university should improve the comprehensive capabilities of the ethnic minority college graduates. Firstly,the university should set up reasonable professional categories according to the social needs. The university should predict the social development trends,reasonably adjust the professional settings,and ensure the foresight and practicability of the majors. Every university should be oriented by the social needs,adjust their discipline structure on time,turn professions which have no social needs to another direction immediately,and improve talent- training methods so as to promote the employment of minority college graduates. Secondly,while the universities are training the ethnic minority college students, they should not only concentrate emphasize on the students ＇ ethnic characteristics,but also emphasize proficiency in Chinese. Thirdly,the universities should set up the courses related to the college students＇ developing and planning of their future careers,help the ethnic minority college students set up their employment awareness earlier. Moreover practicum should be added to their courses so as to improve the ethnic minority college students＇ capability to link theory with practice. 3. The society should build a fair and just employment environment for the minority college students We are a socialist country,and the people should enjoy equal rights. The division of ＂class＂ in the employment is not an essential attribute of a socialist country,and it also does not meet the development requirement of a modern democratic country. Therefore,the concept of ＂rank＂should be eliminated. Moreover, the employers should treat ethnic minority college graduates the same as the Han- Chinese college graduates,and provide fair opportunity for the minority college graduates in the employment competition. 4. The minority college graduates should improve their owncapacity,and change their conceptof employment. Firstly,the minority college students shouldcreate their employment awareness as soon as possible. The ethnic minority college students should start to make a plan and preparation for their future careers when they are in their first and second years of university. Then,in their third and fourth years they should begin to make real efforts towards their employment goals. Secondly, the minority college students should upgrade their capacity. In addition to learning professional knowledge and laying a solid foundation of professional skills,the ethnic minority college students should learn broadly all aspects of knowledge,actively involve themselves in practicum,so as to get experience from practice,and promote their own comprehensive capabilities. Only when they have strong capability and a hi