分权制衡理论的发展脉络及其理论内核

分权制衡是西方政治学的重要理论，是“三权分立”思想的基础。分权制衡的思想在基督教义中就有体现，柏拉图、亚里士多德等人提出的古代混合政体理论也提出了分权思想，并且出现了三权分立的雏形，而中世纪的最大贡献则是立法权从王权和教权中分立出来。分权制衡思想的成熟分为两个阶段：即侧重于理论的启蒙思想发展阶段和在美国建国实践中完善的阶段。分权制衡理论基于对人性的一种悲观评价，是对人民主权理论所带来的“多数人的暴政”的一种限制和预防，是法治对人治的驱逐。

Development and Academic Kernel of the Separation of Powers

The separation,checks and balances of powers is an important theory of Western political science,and it is the basis of the separation of powers theory.The embodiment of the thinking existed in Christianity doctrine.Plato and Aristotle's ancient mixed form of government theory also advanced the thinking of separation of powers.The most important contribution of the middle ages is separating the legislative from royalty and magisterium.The maturation of the thinking took on two phases,the enlightening phase,which emphasizing particularly on theory and the consummating phase in United States' building.The theory of separation of powers based on a kind of pessimistic appraise of humanity.And it is a kind of restrict and defend to the majority's despotic rule bringing by the Popular Sovereignty Theory,and is the abjection of rule of law to rule of men.