寻找儒学的原始问题

孔子时期儒学的原始问题，就是“性与天道”问题。“性与天道”问题的实质，就是通过关于人的本性的洞察，将作为伦理道德行为和活动动机的自觉意识、自愿情感和自主意志人文化成人的需要的一部分，成为能以如同饥食渴饮、男欢女爱一样自然而然地得以自我实现和自我确证的人的本性的组成部分。关于人的本性的洞察，需要通过以反身内省为心理或思维机制的生命体验和生活经验去体认，而不必依赖“沉思”或“顿悟”的理性思维和理性直觉。孟子将“仁义礼智”纳入人的“心”中而成为人的思维的对象，偏离了儒学原始问题的经验本源，并因此而遮蔽了儒学原始问题所开启的生命价值和生活意义的价值之源；北宋新儒学家二程，将“仁义礼”提升为形上本体而与“天道”一起构成“天理”，“天理”与人的本性即人的需要为主要内容的“人欲”之间的对立关系，以及因此而建构的“理”“欲”二元对立、非此即彼的思维模式，在阻断了伦理道德行为和活动的经验来源的同时，也取消了作为价值之源的人的需要存在的合法性；不仅使得孔子时期的儒学及其原始问题发生了根本性的变化，而且也给社会现实造成了负面的社会效应。把被颠倒了的本来关系再颠倒过来，重新审视人的需要在人的行为和活动中的重要地位，重新选择儒家思想现代转型的原点和路径，是寻找和讨论儒学的原始问题的真实原因。

A study of the original problem of Confucianism

The original problem of Confucianism is about human nature and natural order. Because this problem helps reveal the relation between human nature and natural order and transform the intention of moral action into a part of human necessity for realizing and verifying by himself as a natural order. As to the perception of human nature, it connects the experience in life with life experience and to learn through practice rather than dependent on contemplation or consciousness. Mencius brought humanity and righteousness and ceremony and intelligence into human mind as its object so as to deviate the original source of experience and to conceal the source of value and significance of life from this original problem. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi of Neo-Confucianism in the North Song dynasty thought highly of humanity and righteousness and ceremony to form a natural law based on the natural order. The natural law and human desire as the key element of human nature manifest an opposite relationship, while cutting off the experience-based source of moral actions plus the abandonment of the legality of human needs as a source of value. This not only brought about dramatic changes in Confucianism and its original problem in those days but also exerted a negative effect on the reality. The reexamination of the key role of human needs in human activities and the original departure of Confucianism when facing its modern transformation will reveal the root causes of the original problem of Confucianism.