国家空间立法构建模块的理论与实践

国际空间法条约赋予了缔约国和平探索和利用外层空间的权利,为缔约国设置了监管本国空间活动的国际义务。缔约国在执行义务方面采用的标准和做法不同,导致国家空间立法成为一个重要问题。国际法协会开展了一系列研究国家空间立法实践的工作,国家空间立法5个"构建模块"理论即空间活动批准与许可证模块、空间活动监督模块、空间物体登记模块、赔偿规定模块以及其他规定模块正是在这些研究工作基础上形成。该理论在推动欧洲国家空间立法的协调一致中发挥了重要指导作用,在《国家空间立法示范法索非亚模本》的起草实践中得到了充分应用并得到外空委的赞同。该理论与联大关于国家空间立法8项必备构成要素建议存在演进关系。国家空间立法5个"构建模块"理论和联大国家空间立法8项必备构成要素建议对中国航天立法实践具有借鉴意义,特别是在监管商业航天活动立法方面,5个"构建模块"应是立法不可或缺的基本内容和立法是否完备的衡量标准。

On the Theory and Practice of "Building Blocks" for National Space Legislation

International space law treaties not only vest the states parties to these treaties with the right to peaceful exploration and use of outer space, but also impose on them the international duties of bearing responsibility for their national activities in outer space. But there are greatly differences in standards and practices in respect of implementing these duties, which makes national legislation an important problem. Under the circumstances, ILA has worked on a series of studies on the national legislative practices, based on which five "building blocks" for national legislation have been gradually developed. The five "building blocks" consists of authorization of space activities, supervision of space activities, registration of space objects, compensation regulation and additional regulation. The five "building blocks" theory for national legislation not only plays the important guiding role in the promotion of the harmonization of the European states'' national space law governing their space activities, but also is fully applied in the practice of drafting Sofia Guidelines for Model Law on National Space Legislation and endorsed by UNCOPUOS. In addition, the theory has an evolutionary relation with the eight component elements necessary to National Space Legislation proposed by UNGA. The five "building blocks" theory for national legislation and the eight component elements necessary to National Space Legislation proposed by UNGA certainly have meaningful reference to the practice in our national legislation. It is particularly proposed that five "building blocks" or eight component elements for National Space Legislation be taken into consideration to act as the indispensable content or reference standard for the future legislation governing the commercial aerospace activities in China.