对大陆法系刑法中犯罪过失理论的整体性反思

中国刑法典中的过失概念将认识因素与意志因素两者结合同时分析并判断过失之内涵。美国模范刑法典与德日刑法学理论都只是从认识因素角度对过失内涵加以界定。大陆法系刑法学中犯罪过失概念的再认识有其必要性,过失犯罪整体概念中的注意义务与注意能力系其概念之内涵中最为重要的两个组成部分。德日刑法中犯罪过失概念的理论重点在于行为人在违反注意义务的情况下实现犯罪构成要件。其中,注意义务分为预见义务与回避义务。过失犯罪之行为不法的认定基准不只在于注意义务违反性,而更在于行为人有预见且回避结果发生之能力,却未尽力去避免。中国传统犯罪过失理论通说是以"4要件"为基础并进而展开相关专业性阐释与研究,但司法实践中对犯罪过失之判定却缺乏可行的规范性标准。基于人权保护与保障理念,中国刑事立法及其理论研究应该更加积极地阐释与分析犯罪过失客观事实上的"过错归属性"问题。

On Malpractice of Criminal Law in the Continental Legal System

The recognition and the will are combined in the concept of negligence in China''s Criminal Law to analyze and determine what is a negligence. In the United States Model Penal Code or German criminal law theory, the only factor "recognition" is used to define the concept of negligence. It is necessary to analyze the theory about the malpractice of Criminal Law in the Continental Legal System. The care obligation and the care ability are the two parts of malpractice in German criminal law. The crime constitution of malpractice depends on the situation that the person may violate the care obligation such as the obligation of foresight and the avoidance of the harmful consequences. The later obligation is especially more important, because the obligation of the avoidance of the harmful consequences is a key to judge how the crime constitution of malpractice is built. The Chinese traditional theory on criminal negligence is on the basis of "Four Elements". However, in practice it lacks of viable normative criteria. Based on the concept of human rights, our legislative and theoretical research should be more active in the interpretation and analysis of the objective fact on "fault attribution" in criminal negligence.