经济转型时期“用工荒”现象及其成因的经济学分析

文章从技能型劳动者的分类界定入手,对不同类型劳动者所面临的"用工荒"现象及其成因机制进行微观视角的分类研究。结果发现,当前的"用工荒"现象包含了多种类型的劳动者短缺,其中非技能型劳动者短缺的主要原因是被扭曲的收入分配比例和无保障的弹性用工模式导致新生代农民工供给激励不足,随着企业转型升级进程加快,此类"用工荒"现象将得到有效缓解;而造成技能型劳动者短缺的原因,既包括经济转型发展使对技能型劳动者的需求结构性增长,也有基于历史和现实原因的劳动者供给数量不足。技能型劳动者培育过程中的劳资双方行为"协调失灵"、政府职能缺位、社会化培训体系建设滞后和劳动力市场的无序发展等因素都是导致技能型劳动者增长速度滞后于经济转型发展要求、进而导致技能型劳动者"用工荒"现象的主要原因。

An Analysis of "Labor Shortage" Phenomenon and Its Causes in the Period of Economic Transition

With the fast economic growth,"labor shortage" phenomenon has become more and more serious in China’s labor-intensive industry.This study identifies the different types of "labor shortage" with a micro focuses on its causes.There currently exist varieties of labor shortage.The unskilled workers are short because the distorted income distribution ratio and those sporadic non-secured hiring led to insufficient incentive to those young generation laborers,yet this can be improved with the transformation of industries.The causes of skilled labor shortage are various,which include structural demands increasing and skilled labor supply bottleneck.The other main factors of skilled labor shortage also include the disparity of skill training and business demand,the absence of government support,the gap between training infrastructure and business demand,and underdevelopment of labor market.