从注释到创构:两种定向两个标准——以朱熹《论语集注》为例

借用经典注释的形式创造和构建新的思想体系是中国古代哲学发展的重要形式。对于这种传统和思想创构的内在思想机制还没有引起足够的注意,缺少深入的探究。跨文本诠释和融贯性诠释可能是借重经典注释而创建新的哲学体系的两个关键性因素或方法。朱熹《论语集注》中的若干实例可以说明朱熹是如何运用跨文本诠释方法的;同时,朱熹将理学的主要概念一以贯之地全部注入对语、孟、学、庸的解释之中,则是融贯性诠释的范例。在经典诠释活动中存在着两种定向的紧张和冲突。两种定向的简单表述即是面向文本与历史的客观性定向和面向当下和现实的主观性定向。一部诠释作品就是两种内在定向相互作用而产生的思想“化石”。在处理两种定向之间的紧张性方面,在处理注释之形式与体系之建构之间的矛盾方面,朱熹都是成就最突出的。但是朱熹的成功并不能掩盖和抹煞两种定向之间的紧张和冲突,以及语孟学庸与二程学说的不同。

Two Orientations, Two Standards: the Cross-textual Interpretation of Zhu Xi's Collected Annotations on the Analects

In constructing a new philosophical system through classical commentary, cross-textual interpretation and systematic interpretation are two important methods. This paper aims to demonstrate how, in his Collected Annotations on the Analects, Zhu Xi has employed these two methods. There is always tension and conflict between two orientations in hermeneutics, namely, an objective orientation towards the original textual meaning and a subjective orientation towards the commentator's own opinion. A commentary is always a result of the mutual conflict between these two. Zhu Xi, as we will see, is an expert in dealing with such conflict. Despite this, however, the conflict cannot be ignored, and there always exist differences between the Four Books and the philosophy of the Cheng brothers, which Zhu Xi was very much inclined to follow.