民国时期现代医学对乡村疾病的防治与困境——以浙江省血吸虫病防治为例

我国现代医学意义上的血吸虫病发现于1905年，自20世纪二三十年代起，国民政府将浙江作为血吸虫病调查的主要区域之一，并设立防治试验区。在防治过程中，现代医学防治工作却在民众根深蒂固的迷信思想面前，败下阵来，甚至遭到民众的仇视。医学预防措施因与民众生活习俗相异，与民众生产生活相矛盾，民众不予配合。防治工作由卫生人员主导，却难以得到地方行政机构及乡村士绅等有效配合，孤立无援。作为当时社会精英的医疗卫生人员，深入乡下，却与乡村之间有着明显的疏离，现代医学难以实现在地化。一方面，没有完备的公共卫生体系作保障，乡村血吸虫病防治工作困难重重；另一方面，从血吸虫病防治过程又可以管窥出民国时期乡村公共卫生现代化事业建设过程之艰辛及失败原因。

The Prevention and Treatment of Rural Diseases by Using Modern Medicine in the Period of the Republic of China as Exemplified by the Control of Schistosomiasis in Zhejiang Province ZHAO Xiao-hong

Chinese schistosomiasis of the modern sense was discovered in 1905. Since the 1920s, Zhejiang province was taken as one of the main areas for schistosomiasis investigation and an experimental area was established there. In the process of prevention and treatment, modern medical prevention and treatment did not work or even opposed in face of people ’s deep-rooted superstition. Because medical preventive measures are different from people’s living customs and even contradict people’s production and life, it results in people’s resistance to cooperate. The prevention and control work were conducted by the health workers, so it failed to win the effective cooperation of local administrative institutions and rural gentries. The medical and health personnel went down to the countryside, but could not win the identity and support from the countryside. The modern medicine then did not adapt to the local conditions. On the one hand, there were many difficulties in the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in rural areas without a complete public health system as a guarantee. On the other hand, we could see the hardships of the modernization of rural public health in the period of the Republic of China in the process of schistosomiasis control.