非形式逻辑或论证逻辑：论证型式

作为非形式逻辑和论辩理论核心主题的论证型式,也日益成为论辩的人工智能方法关注的焦点。论证型式表征日常论证的常见合情论证模式,它是一种语用结构,往往表达为可废止的肯定前件式。在一些人工智能学者看来,这些论证型式是和演绎论证形式并肩而立的推论规则。论证型式的规范力源于避免语用不一致的理性要求。这种规范力不仅和某种型式的结构有关,而且更由适宜使用该型式的环境加以保证。这些环境条件用匹配的批判性问题加以刻画。批判性问题一方面向论证者警示了某种论证型式可能会遭到弃用的可能的环境条件,另一方面也向挑战者暗示了攻击该型式的切入点。满足批判性问题要求的论证型式将生成有利于结论的一个假设。在对话中,恰当地使用论证型式的一个团体,将把证明责任转移到另一团体。然而,如果论证型式的适宜使用的环境条件不能被保证的话,论证型式就蜕变为谬误。大多数所谓的非形式谬误正是论证型式的不恰当使用的后果。

Informal Logic or Logic of Argument

Argument scheme represents the common plausible argument pattern used in everyday arguments. It is a kind of pragmatic structure. These schemes are co-inferential rules with the form of deduc- tive argument. The normative force of argument scheme stems from the rational requirement of avoiding pragmatic inconsistency. This force is not only related to the structure of a certain kind of scheme, but also ensured by the circumstances in which this scheme is applied. These circumstantial conditions are depicted by the matched critical questions. In dialogue the party which appropriately use the argument scheme will shift the burden of proof to the other party. However, if the circumstantial conditions for the use of the argument scheme can not be ensured, argument scheme then hoemrno~ ~ t~ll