试析马君武改造国民性的教育思想及其实践

作为中国近现代著名学者、政治活动家和教育家,马君武直接参与了20世纪初出现的改造国民性思潮,与其他重德轻智的改造国民性的思想家不同,他提出了德、智、体并重的国民性改造思想,并将自己的民主思想、科技知识、行政管理经验融汇到其改造国民性的教育实践中,主张"集世界之知识造极新之国家"。在教育实践中,他结合中国改造国民性的需要,创造性地学习和借鉴欧洲高等教育的办学理念,形成了自己独特的改造国民性的教育思想:站在世界文明的高度审视中西关系,把握历史发展进程,主张用民主和科学来改造国民性,重塑民族精神;倡导"公德"教育,塑造具有公德的人才,崇尚体脑并重,加强生产劳动教育;立足于复兴民族之基础,以实用教育为方针,提倡生产教育和劳动教育,训练学生有实学本领和战斗才能,培养具有现代气质和为社会服务的知识分子。

Ma Junwu's Educational Thoughts of Changing Chinese Nationality and its Practice

As one of the well-known scholars,political activists and educators in modern and contemporary China,Ma Junwu devoted himself to the trends and thoughts of changing nationality which emerged in China in the early 20th century.Unlike those thinkers who paid more attention to the moral education rather than intelligence education,Ma emphasized equally the importance of moral,intelligence and physical education in changing nationality,and integrated his democratic thought,scientific knowledge and administrative experience with practice.Based on the above,he advocated "to create a wholly new nation through learning from the world".In educational practice,he had a full consideration to the needs of Chinese reality,and borrowed ideology about higher education from European countries with great creativity,thus forming his peculiar thoughts concerning the changing of Chinese nationality.After having made a deep scrutiny into the conditions of Sino-west relation and the development of world history from the perspective of human civilization,he claimed that democracy and science should be used to change the nationality and to enhance the national spirits.He advocated pushing forward "public moral" education so that citizens of high morality could be nurtured.Meanwhile,he put the physical labor and mental labor in the same important position,emphasizing the necessity of labor education.In view of the vital role economy plays in the national recovery,he adopted a pragmatist educational policy,which values production and labor education,students' practical ability training,and the cultivation of intellectuals with modern mind and service sense.