关于劳动人权的四个理论视角

与资本主义的天赋人权理论不同，马克思主义主张劳动人权。马克思主义经典作家站在非人类中心主义的视角，将劳动作为社会一切存在的合理性和意义的终极来源。劳动创造人，因而劳动是人的本质。跟人的发展一样，劳动本身也是一个历史发展的过程。劳动的历史发展恰恰体现的是人与劳动关系的发展，标志着人的解放的历史性和发展性。人在最初的劳动中受到自然力的残酷摧残，之后又有社会异己力量的压迫和自我盲目力量的束缚，这使得人处于被奴役的状态。随着生产力的发展，人逐渐摆脱某些奴役而将劳动变成一种以谋生关系为主要特点的过程。当人类消灭了主要的奴役劳动，并超越了谋生劳动之后，体面劳动的实现和为自由劳动做准备，成为社会发展的主要任务。所以，劳动人权理论将人与劳动关系看成发展性的历史关系。这一理论具有重要的理论和现实意义，具有重要的人类价值贡献，因为它阐明了尊重劳动的基本法则，为实现劳动幸福指明了现实路径。

Four Theoretical Perspectives on Human Labor Rights

Marxism advocated labor rights, which is different from capitalist natural rights theory. Viewed from Marxist classic writers'' perspective of non-anthropocentrism, labor is regarded as the ultimate source of the rationality and significance of all social existence. Labor has created man himself. Therefore, labor is the essence of mankind. Along the human development, laboring itself is in a process of historical development, which indicates the historical development of the relationships between human beings and laboring and human liberation as well. In the initial labor activities, man was cruelly destroyed by the force of nature, and later oppressed by the forces of social dissent and self-blindness, which placed man in bondage. After mankind has eliminated the main slave laboring and surpassed the livelihood work, the realization of decent work and free labor became the main tasks of social development. Therefore, the theory of labor-based human rights regards the relations between human and labor as developmental historical relations. This theory boasts important theoretical and practical significance and has important contribution to human value, because it clarifies the basic law of respecting labor and points out a realistic path for realizing happy laboring.