1923年《中华民国宪法》之横向国家权限特征研究

1923年《中华民国宪法》在横向国家权限的规定上,虽体现了立法、行政、司法三权分立的原则,但三权之间并非均衡而带有议会独大和总统有权无责的特征。议会独大主要表现在国会对总统、内阁和法院的权力多所限制,而总统、内阁和法院却很难制衡议会;总统有权无责主要表现总统享受广泛的权力,包括公布并监督法律执行权、人事任免权、武装统帅权、宣战权、缔结条约权、宣布戒严权、宣告免刑减刑及复权、停止国会会议权、解散众议院权、立法否决权等等,但当发生政府集体性政治事件内阁替总统承担整治责任。这种做法体现了时人在议会、总统与内阁关系上的积极探索,虽然还存在很多问题,但仍体现了限制行政权力的宪政理念。

A Crosswise Study of the State Power Features of the 1923 Constitution of the Republic of China

Based on the documents of formulating the constitution since the 1912,this paper focuses on the study of the state power features and concludes that this constitution embodies the principle of separating the executive,legislative and judicial powers.But these three powers are not balanced in that the Parliament has the supreme power while the President is powerless.In spite of this problem,it still shows the restraint imposed on the executive power.