黄河上游地区传统皮船技术的调查研究

浮囊技术可能已被殷商时期或更早的华夏民族所掌握。浑脱标志着浮囊制作工艺的一个转变。北方少数民族最晚约在公元6世纪左右就已经掌握浑脱工艺。宋元时期,浑脱在战争中的使用达到高峰。在浑脱的基础上,至迟在11世纪人们已经知道如何制作皮筏,最早制作皮筏可能是北方游牧民族。早在公元1世纪,已有用马皮制作的革船。制作皮船的材料主要是羊皮、牛皮、马皮等,以及木材、植物油、盐。在制作皮筏过程中,浮囊的制作是一个关键工艺。历史上,不同部族之间的交往、迁徙、征战,有助于皮船技术的传播。由于其他交通技术的发展,皮船逐步退出历史舞台,如今只有某些少数民族地区还在使用。

An Lnvestigation of Traditional Skin -raft -making Technology in the Upper Reach of the Yellow River

Before the 11thcentury B.C.,Chinese people knew how to construct a swim bladder.A key change of the swim-bladder-making is to construct a huntuo,namely to peel off a whole skin of an animal. Around the sixth century,some peoples in Northern China were able to peel off a whole skin.During the period from 10th century to 14th century,the use of huntuo in wars became the most popular.On the basis of huntuo,peoples in Northern China were able to construct skin rafts during or before the 11th century.In the first century A.D.,there were boats which were made of horse-skin.Generally,a skin raft or a skin boat is made of sheepskin,or oxhide,or horse-skin,as well as wood,oil and salt.The construction of a swim bladder is a key for a skin raft.In history,the communication,migration and conflicts among different peoples promoted the transmission of technology of swim bladder,skin raft and skin boat.Skin rafts and skin boats were phased out by modern tools.Up to now,only some peoples still use skin rafts and skin boats.