全球价值链背景下加工贸易企业升级路径分析

金融危机以来国际贸易保护主义色彩浓郁,中国内部粗放型经济增长方式存在一定的不可持续性和人口红利开始逐渐消失,中国加工贸易嵌入发达国家主导的全球价值链低附加值和低生产率问题引起了学者的注意。随着外部贸易环境、国内新常态要素禀赋结构的变化和深化供给侧结构性改革的需要,推动加工贸易企业升级已经成为中国经济结构调整的一个重要部分。通过分析中国加工贸易的起源、发展和现状,描述全球价值链背景下加工贸易的若干特征和“低端锁定”问题,引出了融资约束对企业经营决策、出口行为以及企业全球价值链上地位的影响,并围绕以生产过程、产品升级和功能升级为主的产业内升级和以劳动密集型向技术密集型转变为特征的产业间升级两个角度,提出了中国加工贸易企业在全球价值链上攀升的路径。研究认为,着重强调人力资本积累、本土企业技术外溢的吸收能力以及自主研发能力的培养,同时结合国际产能合作和“一带一路”倡议等现实背景,实现东西双向开放,塑造以我为主的包容性的区域价值链和国内价值链等,是中国加工贸易企业升级的路径和新机遇。

Analysis on the upgrading path of processing trade enterprises under the background of global value chain

As the international trade protection has become more prevalent since the financial crisis, certain unsustainability exists in the internal extensive economic growth mode of China. Coupled with the gradual disappearance of China’s demographic dividend, the issue of low added value of the global value chain dominated by the developed countries and low productivity of processing trade have attracted scholars’ attention. With the changes in the external trade environment and the factor endowment structure of the new normal in China as well as the need to deepen the supply side structural reform, promoting the upgrading of processing trade enterprises has become an important part of the adjustment of China’s economic structure. By analyzing the origin, evolution and status quo of China’s processing trade, this paper describes several characteristics of processing trade under the background of the global value chain and the issue of low end jam, deduces the influence of financing constraints on the enterprises’ business decision making and their export behavior as well as the status of the enterprises in the global value chain, and proposes the upgrading path of Chinese processing trade enterprises in the global value chain, based on the two perspectives of the intra industry upgrading focused on the production process, product upgrading and function upgrading, as well as the inter industry upgrading characterized by the transformation from labor intensive to technology intensive industries. The study believes that the upgrading path and new opportunities faced by processing trade enterprises can be realized by the following measures. Emphasis should be placed on the accumulation of human capital, the absorptive capacity of technology spillover and the cultivation of independent R&D capabilities of local enterprises. At the same time, enterprises should achieve opening up both in the east and west based on the realistic backgrounds of the cooperation on international production capacity and the Belt and Road initiative, and build an inclusive regional value chain and domestic value chain centered on their own needs.