山西生态环境的变迁与晋商的兴起

晋商的兴起与明清山西生态环境的变化有关,但是明代晋商和清代晋商并不一样。一般来说,明初山西生态环境未恶化之前,晋商多出于较富庶的南部地区,是靠手中资本,乘开中纳粮之机,大兴商屯而崛起的。清代的晋商则在山西北部、中部地区生态环境恶化、农业经济一蹶不振之后,兴之于“走西口”和“闯关东”的人流之中。他们是随着关外、口外经济的开发,在不可欠缺的商业发展的需求中,经受历练而走向成功的。

On the Changes of shanxi Ecological Environment and the Appearance of Shanxi Merchants

The rising of Shanxi merchants,according to the study of this paper,is considered as being related with the changes of the ecological environment of Shanxi in the Ming and Qing Dynasty,though these businessmen in the two dynasties were different.Generally speaking,most of the businessmen were from the southernpart of Shanxi,people there were richer than those of the other parts of the province until the environment became worse in the early Ming Dynasty.Those businessmen,by only using the capital of their own,set up more businesses,and rose quickly by taking the opportunity of sending grains and salt to China borders,which was encouraged by the central government.Shanxi businessmen in Qing Dynasty,on the contrary,ventured their lives to other provinces in order to seek for better lives,as the environment and agricultural economy were greatly damaged in the middle or northern part of Shanxi.With the economic and business development in those areas,and by their great efforts,Shanxi businessmen became successful.