先秦儒家“德知一体”的涵养功夫及其发展道脉

中国古代涵养功夫论源远流长、博大精深。先秦儒学率先提出尽心知性、德知双修,虚壹而静、内修外用的思想。此后,从周敦颐主张的主静立诚、自尽心性,到程朱倡导的敬明人理、进学致知;从陆九渊强调的涵泳胜心、超然无累,到王阳明阐发的致其良知、心外无学;再从王充、张载提出的留精澄意、必开心意,到王廷相、王夫之论证的虚以生明、思而穷隐等,先秦儒家德知并重之涵养功夫,虽几经变迁、多有发挥,然其发展道脉总是一以贯之,并无大改。其间所蕴含的辩证性与实践性内容不断追加,其所弘扬的圣贤气象之人格与致一用敬之学品,均已达到相当自觉的程度并逐步接近现代思维水平。

On the Self-restraint Methods and Development Way of the Pre-Qin Confucian Moral-knowledge

The theory of self-restraint methods in ancient China had a long history, and it was extensive and pro- found. The pre - Qin Confucian took the lead in putting forward the thought of the double major of moral and knowledge with all one＇ s heart. Though the self-restrain thought of pre-Qin Confucian had changed several times, which developed from ZHOU Dunyi to CHENG and ZHU, from LU Jiuyuan to WANG Yangming, and from WANG Chong and ZHANG Zai to WANG Tingxiang and WANG Fuzhi, the essence of moral and knowledge in the thought was insisted. Meanwhile, with the adding content of discrimination and practice, the personality and moral quality that advocated in the thought has achieved to the conscious stage and gradually close to modern thinking level.