国家主权平等与“领袖型国家”的正当性

如果正确理解国家现象与国家平等,就可看出国家主权平等有最高限度、最低限度,以及从最低限度到最高限度的连续统。我们有义务在为差别作公允辩护的同时捍卫平等的最低限度并促进更大的平等。一个国家在已遵守主权平等的最低限度的条件下,(1)依差别论衡量设法正当地取得了一个特权或强势地位,不过是一个强势国家;(2)正当地成为一个强势国家,且取得了大国地位,并尊重国际体系的价值,以及真正成功地担负起对国际体系所负之重大责任,不过是一个伟大国家;(3)尊重国际体系的价值,且真正成功地担负起对国际体系所负之重大责任,不仅素来都在诚信地甚至是模范地遵守现存合法规则,而更重要的是,已帮助规划或提炼出一个合适的国际体系远景,并努力将之构建起来,以使人类繁荣得以最大限度的实现,就是一个领袖型国家。

Sovereign Equality of States and the Legitimacy of "Leader States"

If we properly understand the phenomenon of the State and equality of States, we can see that the sovereign equality of States includes a maximum, an irreducible minimum and a continuum moving from the minimum to the maximum. Our task is to safeguard the irreducible minimum of sovereign equality of states and to promote greater equality to the extent possible, and to try our best to do so, while justifying differences and inequalities in a fair way. Under the basic condition of respecting the irreducible minimum of sovereign equality of states, a State is merely a "strong State" if it has managed to reach a privileged or strong position legitimately under the difference arguments. Under the same basic condition, a State is a "great State" if it has become a strong State legitimately and has achieved the big power status, and has paid respect to the value of, and shouldered, with substantial success, the hefty responsibility toward, the international system. Under the same basic condition, a State is a "leader State" if it has respected the value of, and shouldered, with success, substantial responsibility toward, the international system, has not only been making good faith efforts or even exemplary efforts to comply with the existing legitimate rules, but also, more important, has helped to formulate or refine a proper vision of the international system and to build it up so that the flourishing of humanity can be achieved to the greatest extent possible.