过渡司法:联合国和国际社会对系统性或大规模侵犯人权的回应

过渡司法最初是指一个国家由非民主体制过渡到民主体制后,对旧政府侵犯人权行为的处理。冷战结束和东欧剧变之后,这一概念又被用来指战争或冲突结束后,如何追究过去的种种暴行。近年来,一些发达国家政府对历史上受主流社会欺侮、压迫的群体采取的道歉与赔偿等补救措施,也被称之为过渡司法。联合国以及国际社会为此设计了多种机制,包括起诉、赔偿、真相调查、机构改革和人事清查等。总之,过渡司法就是对系统性或大规模人权侵犯的回应。过渡司法的精髓不在于提出某种本体论意义上特殊的正义/司法理念,而是要提供一种方法论,以调和正义理想与政治现实之间的张力,而且它强调的不是一种绝对的正义理念和一以贯之的司法模式。

Transitional Justice :The United Nations and International Community's Response to Systematic or Widespread Violations of Human Rights

Transitional justice originally referred to how to deal with past human rights violations in countries which were experiencing transitions from non-democratic to democratic systems . After the Cold War and the upheaval in East Europe , this concept was further used to refer to how to cope with past atrocities in the aftermath of wars or conflicts . In recent years , some developed countries'governments take many reparation programs such as apologies and compensations to comfort the groups which were historically discriminated and repressed by dominating groups . These activities are also called transitional justice . The United Nations and the international community have devised various mechanisms of transitional justice , including prosecutions ,reparations , truth-seeking , institutional reforms , vetting and so on . In a word , transitional justice is a response to systematic or widespread violations of human rights . Transitional justice might not be understood as an ontological and special idea of justice , but a methodology to reconcile ideal justice and real politics . Moreover , what transitional justice emphasizes is neither an absolute justice idea nor a coherent justice model .