民情反思与士人的社会改造行动——晚清温州永嘉学派保守主义的实践及其困境

同光时期士人推行的地方社会重建运动，是在太平天国运动所引发的新民情经验反思的基础上展开的。在这一过程中，由士人集团所继承的学术思想传统，在塑造文人精英意识形态以及作用个人选择意志时起到了颇为关键的作用。同时，承担这些思想历史传统的组织载体为结社和宗族。社会位阶的差别以及对社会经验判断的差异，导致现实社会改造方案出现了分歧。其中，具有较高功名的上层士人选择了一条重建宗法和学统的保守方式，力求将人心气禀重新安顿到传统政治格局内，但这一努力在实施过程中所达成的民情效果却出现了与其“敦风易俗”这一初衷相背离的结果，即学阀望族成为垄断性的地方社会势力。这条保守路径最终陷入了困局，但并不意味着晚近士人经世作为的终结，相反，它孕育了中国现代社会结构转型的历史契机，即以普遍人格结构为心性基础的社会组织生活将成为现代民治政体的根本。

Reflection upon Mores and Reconstruction Movement:Dilemma of the Yongjia Conservatives during the Post-Taiping Restoration

The law of power in“Xia Qi”(chivalry) destroyed the hierarchical structure of the Imperial and produced a social equalization so that the traditional governance was involved in crises. It was on the reflection upon the crises that the reconstruction prompted by literati during T'ung chih and Kuang hsü periods was based. Confucian classics studies played an important role in shaping the elites’ ideology and individual wills. Besides， associations of literati and network of kinship contributed to the spread of these academic studies. Different judgments about the reality between people with different social statuses caused the conflicts in the practices of social transformation. Taking the higher ranking group of literati in Wenzhou province for instance， they chose a conservative scheme of reconstructing patriarchal clan system and Confucian academic traditions in order to realize moralization in the imperial political structure. Unfortunately， this conservative reconstruction had an impact contrary to the initial contention of moralization. Scholar tyrant and prominent clan monopolized local rural society. Estate occupied by the prominent clan indicated that the scholar tyrant plundered finite land resources in the local mountainous society. Meanwhile， academic atmosphere was corrupted by those disciples following the higher ranking masters so that aristocratic politics became the principles dominating the private school of the prominent clan. Furthermore， immorality among the close relatives in the prominent family also ruined the local customs. Superficially， it seemed that conservative moralization was obstructed and local affairs managed by the literati failed， but there was a new historical opportunity for the transformation of social structure in modern China. Social organizations that were based on the general individual mind structures would play a fundamental role in the modern democracy in China.