二战时期美国对日本的心理战研究

太平洋战争爆发后，以美军为首的盟国军队用心理战从精神层面打击日军问题，在历史唯物主义的指导下，借助历史学以及其他学科的研究理论和方法，对二战时期美国对日本的心理战战略计划、心理战手段、心理战的成绩及特点等进行研究。研究认为，日本士兵在接受军国主义教育后有“效忠天皇”“皇军不可战胜”等信念，狂热信奉“进功精神”和“武士道”精神；对此，美国在大战略背景下确定了对日本心理战的目标是以揭露法西斯主义的本质和危害性为核心，使日本士兵和民众相信，日本政府发动的侵略战争注定要失败的，并相信美国的宣战和胜利将给日本带来民主自由，同时维护日本天皇的尊严，将发动战争的罪行归于日本军国主义政府，并尽可能减少日本士兵和民众遭受不必要的生命和财产损失；心理战具体的措施有正面的“白色”宣传，一是对日本军队进行广播宣传或阵前喊话，二是向日本军队占领的岛屿或前沿阵地投放传单，还有讲假话的“黑色”或“灰色”宣传，其基本手法是制造和传播假消息和假情报来扰乱日军士兵的心理，再利用日本战俘向原先部队宣传美军优待俘虏政策，向美国投降是“名誉停战”等；为了让心理战术的效果更明显，美军将心理战行为与军事行为相互配合，用空袭和投放原子弹等对日军士兵造成心理威慑，用真假情报信息迷惑日军士兵，使得日军士兵士气低落，抵抗意志逐渐减弱，“跳蛙”战术和心理战攻势节节胜利，心理战在打败日本法西斯战争中发挥了“第四种战争”的重要作用。

Studies of the U.S. psychological warfare on Japan during World War II

After the outbreak of the Pacific War, allied forces headed by the U.S attacked Japanese troops with psychological warfare. Guided by historical materialism as well as research theories and methods of history and other disciplines, this paper studied the psychological strategic planning, means, and characteristics of the U.S. during World War II. The results show that Japanese soldiers have the beliefs of loyalty to the Emperor of Japan and imperial army being undefeatable after receiving militarism education, who believe in offensive spirit and Bushido spirit. In this case, the U.S. determined the target of psychological warfare on Japan, which is to reveal the essence and risks of Fascism, trying to make Japan soldiers and masses think that aggressive war started by Japanese government is doomed to fail and that the war-declaration and victory of the U.S. would bring democracy and freedom for Japan. In addition, they maintain the respect of the Emperor of Japan, blame the guilt of starting the War to Japanese militarism government, and try to reduce unnecessary lives and property losses for Japanese troops and masses. The specific measures of psychological warfare have the characteristic of positive “White” propaganda, which are broadcasting or yelling at Japanese troops and throwing leaflets in the island occupied by Japanese troops or in front of camp. It also contains “Black” or “Grey” propaganda, producing and spreading false news and false information to disturb Japanese soldiers’ psychological state and then making use of Japanese prisoners of war to promote the policy of giving special treatment to prisoners of war. In order to give full play of psychological warfare on Japan, the U.S. troops combined psychological warfare and military action together, making psychological threat to Japanese soldiers by means of air attack and atomic bomb and using true and false information to perplex Japanese soldiers, which make Japanese soldiers in a low morale and weaken their resistance will. The strategy of Jumping Frogs and psychological warfare go from victory to victory. In a word, psychological warfare plays a very important role of the fourth kind of war in the war of defeating the Japanese fascist.