试评吕坤的哲学思想

吕坤是明代商丘著名的思想家,一生独立治学,以理学著当世。其哲学思想兼容并蓄,又学有所宗,在中国哲学史上占有重要的地位。在理气关系这一本体论问题上,他在主张“气本论”的同时,又提出“理”本论,存在着深刻的内在矛盾性。他关于自然、当然和偶然、“续”与“恒”、“常”与“变”、“渐”与“顿”关系的论述,蕴含着极其丰富的辩证法思想。受其世界观矛盾的影响,其认识论存在着反映论与先验论的矛盾。他坚持可知论,认为人是可以通过向外格物来正确认识天地万物的客观世界的。但是,当面对外在的客观世界时,他主张向外格物穷理,是一个反映论者,当涉及到道德认知和修养时,主张向内反求,又成了一个先验论者。在知行问题上坚持“知先行后”、“知行并进”和“行重于知”等观点,强调知行的辩证关系,具有浓厚的思辨色彩,充满了辩证法的卓识。在历史观上主张以民为本,十分重视民的作用,并认为社会历史本身是处于不断的发展变化之中的,主张“因时顺势,皆可变通”。

Tentatively on Lv Kun's Philosophy

LV Kun, famous thinker, in Shangqiu of He'nan Province, is well-known for his lifelong independent study and his philosophy. He devleoped traditional thoughts and had a vital position in Chinese philosophy. In the relationship of Li and Qi, he embraced the Qi ontology as well as the Li ontology, revealing their profound inherent contradictions. His achievement could also be shown from the discussion on nature, inevitability contingency, Xu and Heng, Chang and Bian, Jian and Dun. For his incompatible world view, his epistemology has a contradiction between theory of reflection and apriorism. He adhered to the knowability, man acquired the ability to reflect the objective world. However, when facing the objective world and moral cognition and cultivation these problems, he always swayed between a refection thinker and a transcendentalist. On known and action, he claimed "know first, then act," "act while knowing," "act over know" such viewpoints, stressing the dialectical relation of know and act, with strong dialectic color. In the view of historical progress, he advocated masses-oriented thoughts, constant changing of social history, and proceeding with times.