中国古代谏诤观

谏诤是国家治理活动，是君主专制下自我监督、自我纠错机制的核心，目的在于帮助治国者听取、吸收不同意见，以实现合理有效决策。中国古代政治学说集中讨论国家治理问题，谏诤观是对谏诤的认识和反思，乃古代政治学说的一部分。中国古代谏诤观的产生和发展与谏官的设置密切相关，大约产生于商朝，大盛于诸子，与治国理政的实践结合并产生积极作用在汉唐时期，后来随着君主专制的加强而日趋衰落。古代谏诤观的思想基础有“太和”观念、天人之学、“和而不同”的修养论、朴素的辩证思维、“仁政”思想等。古代谏诤难行的根本原因在于君主专制制度的桎梏，同时和谏诤本身的不正常发展、难以克服的内在矛盾有关，这使古代谏诤观即使有一些民主色彩，最终仍然疏离了民主政治发展方向。

Remonstrating concept of ancient China

Remonstration, as an national governance activity, is the core of self-supervision and self-correction mechanism. Its aim is to help the governor listen to and accept different opinions to make reasonable and effective decisions. The political theory of ancient China focuses on the issues of national governance. Remonstrating concept is the acknowledgement and reflection on remonstration, which is part of ancient political theory. The emergence and development of Chinese ancient remonstrating concept is closely related to the position setting of remonstrator. It emerged in Shang dynasty, flourished in Pre-Qin, combined with national governance practice and played an active role in Han and Tang dynasties, and declined with the reinforcement of autocratic monarchy. The ideological basis of remonstrating concept includes “Taihe” concept, philosophy of heaven and humanity, the cultivation theory of “harmony in diversity”, simple dialectical thinking, “benevolent policy” thought, and so on. The primary cause of remonstrating frustrations lies in the shackles of autocratic monarchy system, abnormal development of its own, and its intrinsic inner contradictions. Therefore, ancient remonstrating concept still deviated from the development direction of political democracy in spite of some democratic color.