试从汉语和日语的意合看动词的“有意”和“无意”

本文从汉语和日语的动词对比来分析它们在句子意义上的特征.日语动词由于有自动词和他动词的存在,它们在体现动词的"有意"和"无意"上分工明确.汉语是独立语,动词语意受大的语言环境的影响较大,所以汉语动词的"有意"和"无意"没有明确的界定.因此,笔者认为汉语句子里面是以动词为中心,外围成分向内影响,最终决定动词的有意或者无意.而日语正好相反,是以动词的有意或者无意为中心,从内向外围成分影响,最终决定整个句子的有意或者无意.也即是说,汉语是大的语言环境意合后决定中心动词的意向性,日语是中心动词的意向性决定整个语言环境意合的意向性.

The Discussion of "Intentionally" and "Unintentionally" of the Verbs through the Context Meaning between Chinese and Japanese

This paper compares and analyzes the features of the verbs in sentences between Chinese and Japanese. The latter is distinct in the expression "intentionally" or "unintentionally" because it has two kinds of verbs: transitive verbs and intransitive ones. However, Chinese is independent and the sense of verb is determined by contexts to a high degree, and the expression of being "intentional" or "unintentional" is not defined clearly. Consequently, this paper attempts to expound that Chinese takes the verb as the core in a sentence. Its sense is affected by the context, which finally determines the "intentional" or "unintentional" meaning of the verb. On the contrary, Japanese puts the "intentional" or "unintentional" sense of the verb at the center, with the inner (syntactic) elements affecting the outer (contextual) part, which finally determines whether the sentence is "intentional" or "unintentional". In other words, in Chinese, the whole linguistic context determines the intentional meaning of the central verb; while in Japanese, the intentional meaning of the central verb decides the intentional implication of the whole linguistic contextual meaning.