美国政治中的福音派与基要派——兼与伊斯兰原教旨主义的比较

作为美国宗教的主要传统之一,福音派主要形成于19世纪。在20世纪初,随着基要派与现代派之间的斗争,基要派作为激进的一支逐渐与福音派分离开来。与此同时,新福音派作为新的传统,开启了当代福音派发展的新阶段。1970年代以来的新基督教右派是福音派传统在当代的主要体现。"道德大多数"和基督教联盟是其中两个最突出的组织。福音派广泛地介入美国政治,包括同性恋、堕胎、学校祈祷等问题,甚至直接干预美国的总统选举和外交政策。尤其是福音派与共和党之间的联盟,更是呈现出一种神权政治的特征。然而,与伊斯兰原教旨主义相比,福音派却体现出从极端的基要派向更宽泛的宗教保守派的转变,其政治行为也主要是参与性而非暴力性的。究其原因,一方面缘于美国宗教的个人主义传统;另一方面,也是更重要的,则在于美国和伊斯兰世界在政治结构和性质上的根本差异。

Evangelism and Fundamentalism in American Politics:With a Comparative Reference to Islamic Fundamentalism

As a major traditional religion of the United States,evangelism mainly developed in the nineteenth century.In early 20th century,the radical fundamentalism gradually separated from evangelism with the conflict between fundamentalism and modernism.Meanwhile,new evangelism,as a branch of new tradition,opened a new stage of contemporary evangelism.Since the 1970s,new Christian right-wing has become the main embodiment of evangelist tradition in recent times,with the Moral Majority and Christian Coalition as the two most influential organizations.Evangelism is widely involved in American political issues like homosexuality,abortion,and school prayer.It even directly intervenes in American presidential election and its foreign policy.The coalition between evangelism and Republican Party,in particular,presents a feature of theocracy.However,compared with Islamic fundamentalism,evangelism has transformed from extreme fundamentalism to broader religious conservatives,whose political behavior is more participation than violence.The reasons are mainly twofold: American religious individualism tradition is one,but the fundamental difference between the United States and the Islamic world is the most important.