南宋时期书院的教学活动探微

宋室偏安江南，书院及理学发展的中心亦向南移，张械、朱熹、陆九渊、吕祖谦等理学家们纷纷以书院为阵地，潜心研习并传播儒学及理学，致使书院的教学活动异常活跃。吕祖谦、朱熹等率先颁定书院学规，确立了明德亲民、传道济民、学而优则仕等三大教学目标。除向弟子传授经学内容外，还着重“最切实用”的日用知识传授和备战科举考试。教学方法上亦有诸多新意，诸如定期祭祀先贤、以励后贤，平日活动及考核要记录在案，学生分斋研习等，常用的教学方式是“升堂讲说”，弟子可以当堂质疑问难，听讲者不受地域和门户限制。尤其是一些知名学者常带领弟子外出到其他书院进行游学和讲学活动，诸如朱熹拜访张拭的岳麓会讲，朱熹、吕祖谦与陆九渊的鹅湖会讲以及陆九渊拜访朱熹的白鹿会讲等，实开书院教学活动之新风，为后世书院发展起到一种导向作用。

Exploring the Teaching Activities of the College of the Southern Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty had been content to retain sovereignty over a part of the country which was Jiangnan, then academies and the development of Neo-Confucianism had been also moved south. The scholars of Neo- Confucianism, such as Zhang Shi, Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuyuan, Lu Zuqian, who Devoted themselves to study and spread of Neo-Confucianism in academies. Their activities made culture of academy very active. Lu Zuqian and Zhu Xi started to promulgate the rules of study firstly, as well as established three educational goals of pursuing aboveboard character and changing new for the old, teaching truth to extend masses, and turning out a good scholar to be a official. Except that they taught student knowledge, they valued practical daily experience and preparations of Imperial examination. Teaching methods were worth mentioning, for exempla, they sacrificed worthies regularly to encourage students, while recorded grade as usual and put students to different classes according to different interests. The common of mode of instruction was ＂teaching in a high podium＂ , students could ask questions in class in time, they were unrestricted of areas or family background. Those famous scholars took their students to other academies study and communicate. Such as Zhu Xi went to Yuelu College and visited Lu Jiuyuan. Zhu Xi, Lu Zuqian and Lu Jiuyuan shared with their thought in Erhu. Then Lu Jiuyuan called on Zhu Xi in Bailudong college. They contributed for teaching activity of college, and pointed out the direction for posterity.