政治发展中的政治生态问题

政治发展实际上是一种历史进程,是一个伴随着社会不断发展而同时得以推进的进程。无论是通过主观规划与设计所推动的一国政治发展,还是受到外部因素的影响而导致的政治发展,之所以形成种种差异或采取了不同的政治发展模式,主要在于其生存的生态环境不同。自然地理条件、物质生产方式与水平、社会传统、文化习俗、民族构成等,这些都是政治的生态环境因素,直接或间接地对政治的形成、变化、发展产生影响;同时,政治一旦形成,一旦通过其特有的力量作用于社会乃至作用于自然,也在直接或间接地影响、改变着其赖以生存的生态环境。所以,一方面,基于特定的国情基础来构建一国的政治体制,是政治发展必须遵循的一个基本规律;另一方面,合理借鉴人类政治文明的优秀成果来促进一国的政治发展,也是需要遵循的基本原理。从宏观的角度来看,人类能够互相学习、互相借鉴的那些共通的、普遍的政治文明成果主要包括:属于政治原则方面的,如"人民主权"原则以及基于这个原则的一些价值和理念;属于政治精神方面的,如国家治理中的"法治精神";属于政治技术方面的,如不同国家在全球化进程中面临共同问题的解决手段。当然,正确区分政治发展中的合理借鉴与向别国输出政治价值和制度这两者之间的原则性差别,在当代国际政治领域也是非常必要的。

Political Ecology in Political Development

Political development is a historical process,which is promoted by the social development process.No matter a country’s political development is consciously designed,or caused by external factors,the reason why the political mode around the world is diversity roots in the difference between the political ecology of different counties.The essential factors of political ecology,such as natural and geographical conditions,the level of material mode of production,social traditions,cultural customs and ethnic composition,have profoundly effect on the formation,diversification and evolution of politics.Meanwhile,once politics formed,it will also role in natural and social condition,and then directly or indirectly influence the political ecology.Therefore,on one hand,it is a basic rule in political development that a country’s political system should be built on its specific national condition;On the other hand,another fundamental rule we shall also obey is that a country’s political development can be advanced by rationally learning from the outstanding achievements of mankind’s political civilization.From a macro point of view,the common achievements of political civilizations include:Political principle,such as "the sovereignty of the people" and other values based on this principle;Political spirit,such as "role of law" in national governance;Political techniques,such as the common problem and the solution in globalization of different country.Certainly,it is necessary for us to make a strict distinction between reasonable learning from other countries and output political values and systems to others in contemporary international politics.