中国历史上和现实中的小农制评析

中国是世界上一个非常典型的小农制国家,几千年来都是一家一户的分散生产和经营。但进入清代中叶以后,我国人地比率已下降至"维生型小农经济"的临界点,标志着传统小农制的破产和瓦解。新中国成立以后的半个多世纪,由于长期实行以自然村落为单元"不分男女老幼、一律平分土地"的农村集体土地所有制,其所隐含的"集体成员权平等"和"产权虚置"的农地平分机制,导致明清以后出现的"地权分散化"和"耕地细碎化"的发展趋势更加凸显。当今中国农业正处于大规模非农就业、人口自然增长减慢和农业生产结构转型三大历史性变迁的交汇之中,各级政府应当抓住这样的历史性契机,加大对农业的投资和扶持,并通过法律制度和市场机制来促进土地使用权的流转和适度规模经营,从根本上解决农民的隐性失业问题和农业的低收入问题。

Small-scale Farming Economy in Past and Present China

For thousands of years,China has been a typical country with a small-scale farming economy,each family carrying out its production and management separately.But from the middle of the Qing dynasty,the ratio of population to tilled land had dropped to the critical point of "subsistence small-scale farming economy" which symbolized the bankruptcy and collapse of the traditional small-scale farming economy.In the more than half a century after the foundation of the new China,a collective land ownership was adopted in rural areas in which the tilled land was equally distributed to each villager in the natural village.This mechanism implied that the collective members were equal in their right for land and the land property right was practically absent,by which made the tendency of "separate land right" and "scattered tilled land" more apparent.In present China,the agriculture is undergoing historical changes with a large non-agricultural population being taking up occupation,a slower speed in the natural increase of population and transformation of agricultural production structure.The governments at all levels should seize such a historic opportunity,give more investment and support to agriculture,and facilitate the transference of land use right and the moderate scale management so as to solve the problems of farmer' s potential unemployment and low income of agriculture.