从精神分析到新精神分析—论霍兰德批评理论发展的轨迹

霍兰德是当代美国新精神分析批评的代表人物。他的批评直接继承了弗洛伊德、琼斯等人的传统，同时吸纳和融入了美国自我心理学、英国客体关系理论等新成果，为精神分析批评建立了一个新范式，提供了一套新话语。在近半个世纪的探索中，霍兰德的批评观念经历了一个从精神分析到新精神分析的发展过程，这既体现在他理论模式的建构上，也渗透在他对莎剧的解读中。这一过程可以分为三个阶段：初创期，主要在借鉴自我心理学的“前俄狄浦斯”和“防御”理论的基础上提出其动力学模式；成熟期，围绕“身份”理论形成其互动批评模式；拓展期，借助认知科学中的“反馈环”理论进一步修正和拓展其理论模式。

From Psychoanalysis to Neo-Psychoanalysis: Development of Holland's Criticism Theory

As a leading practitioner of contemporary American neo-psychoanalytic criticism, Holland inherits the tradition from Freud, Ernest Jones and others and assimilates the new achievements of A-merican ego-psychology, British object-relations theory and so on, thus establishing a new paradigm and providing a set of new discourse for psychoanalytic criticism. In nearly half a century＇s research, Holland＇s conception of criticism develops from psychoanalysis to neo-psychoanalysis, which is reflected not only in his theoretical model but also in his interpretation of Shakespeare＇s dramas. His theo- retical shift can be divided into three phases： initiation stage, in which he advances a dynamic model based on the ego-psychology theory of pre-Oedipal and defense; maturation stage, in which his trans- active criticism is formed by referring to the theory of identity;development stage, in which he revises and extends his theory drawing support from the theory of feedback loops in cognitive science.