商人与儒学——以明清甬商、徽商、晋商为例

以明清甬商、徽商、晋商为例,分析商人与儒学的关系。三地儒学各有特性：浙东学术张扬人的主体精神,强调经世致用;朱子之学强调＂理＂与＂礼＂,主张于书本求索;傅山之学强调＂因时取济＂,博杂而无所统系。三地商人对待儒学态度不同：甬商对浙东学术不即不离,徽商对朱子之学过于沉迷,晋商对傅山之学过于疏远。三地儒学对商人影响有别：浙东学术影响甬商是隐性的,朱子之学影响徽商是显性的,傅山之学影响晋商是微弱的。

Merchants and Confucianism: With Special Reference to Ningbo merchants, Anhui merchants and Shanxi merchants of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

The relationship between merchants and Confucianism can be analyzed based on a case study of the Ningbo merchants, Anhui merchants and Shanxi merchants of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Confucianism may find its variations in the three places. The East Zhejiang scholarship accentuates the spirit of human subjectivity, emphasizing the application of what is learned to practice; the scholarship of Zhu Xi attaches much importance to ＂reason＂ and ＂courtesy＂, insisting on much erudite learning; the scholarship of Fu Shan lays stress on ＂learning according to the current situation＂, appearing more erudite than systematic. Thus the merchants in the three places had different attituds towards Confucianism respectively： Ningbo merchants kept Confucianism at arm＇s length, Anhui merchants indulged in the scholarship of Zhu Xi while Shanxi merchants had the scholarship of Fu Shan estranged from them. Undoubtedly Confucianism had varying influence on the merchants of the three places. The East Zhejiang scholarship had implicit influence on Ningbo merchants; the scholarship of Zhu Xi had explicit influence on Anhui merchants; the scholarship of Fu Shah only had feeble influence upon Shanxi merchants.