中国农村社会养老与家庭养老的整合与调适*--基于新疆M村田野调查的思考

随着现代化进程的不断加快，我国农村家庭代际分离现象日益凸显，传统的以家庭养老为主的农村养老出现危机；城乡居民养老保险制度的推广，为农村居民养老提供了稳定的经济支持，也建立了具有现代意义的农村社会养老保险制度，但其保障水平不高、保障范围有限，也进一步弱化了农村家庭养老。对新疆M村的田野调查显示，居民养老保险制度表现出一定的不适应性，其中维吾尔族居民的家庭养老仍然发挥着重要作用。在社会养老正式制度还不能完全有效发挥其保障功能时，应重视家庭养老这一非正式制度的功能。不但要实现农村社会养老保险制度的全覆盖，并逐步提高保障水平，拓展保障范围；还应基于一定程度代际分离的现实重建农村家庭养老制度，使家庭养老和社会养老成为农村养老保障制度体系的“两个支柱”。

Adjustment and Integration of China’s Rural Pension Insurance System with Social Elderly Care and Household Elderly Care-About the Survey and Research on M-village in Xinjiang

With the rapidly process of modernization,China’s rural intergeneration separation becomes more and more significant,the traditional family-based rural old-age pension has been unable to cope with these risks alone, and the rural pension crisis appears.In view of this,the promotion of the national urban and rural old-age insurance provides a stable financial support for rural old-age care and sets up rural old-age insurance system with modern significance but further weakens rural household-elderly-care.The field-survey on M-village of Xinjiang reveals that the old-age insurance in rural areas shows certain non-adaptability,among which the household old-age-care in the Uygur stile plays important role.While society old-age-care can not play its security role,household-old-age care, an informal system,should be emphasized.China should not only realize the overall-covering of social old-age-care system and gradually improve its insurance level,but also reconstruct household old-age-care system based on the reality of certain inter-generation separation in order to make household old-age-care and society old-age-care become two pillars of rural old-age-care insurance system.