晚清政府外交立法与最高决策权的演变

晚清十年,清政府在内外压力之下进行的与外交相关的立法,推进了近代中国的外交最高权力划分的法制化进程:谕旨设立的"新政"统汇之区"督办政务处,开始全面参与最高的外交决策,并进而形成了皇权之下的军机处、督办政务处二元外交决策机制;《钦定宪法大纲》则第一次明确的以宪法的形式规定了皇帝的外交权力范围;《资政院院章》规定了资政院对外交事件的"议决"权,《内阁官制》下的外交行政权表现为皇帝主持下的内阁总理大臣与外务大臣的权力平衡,《弼德院官制》则赋予弼德院对外交事件的顾问权;《十九信条》则最终把外交决策权交给了国会。

The Correlative Diplomatic Legislation of the Qing Government and the Evolvement of the Trip Top Diplomatic Rights (1901 -1911 )

In the last 10 years in the Late Qing,the correlative diplomatic legislation of the Qing Government under the pressure from inside and outside pushed the tenor that the trip top diplomatic rights were compartmentalized in the modern China: the Dubanzhengwuchu that the Qing emperor instructed to be established commences to join the trip top diplomatic decision-making completely,it makes a new diplomatic decision-making system that the Junjichu and the Dubanzhengwuchu participates in together;The Regius Constitution limits the diplomatic rights of Qing emperor for the first time;the Zizhengyuan Statute stipulates the rights that the Zizhengyuan controverts and decides the foreign affairs;the Government Organized Law limits the diplomatic rights,under the Qing emperor,the prime minister and the foreign minister restricts each other;the Bideyuan Organized Law endows the Bideyuan counselor rights to the foreign affairs;the 19 Credendums empowers the diplomatic rights the Qing Parliament.