European Pension Reforms: Individualization, Privatization and Gender Pension Gaps

European pension reforms individualize and partly privatizepension entitlements. As a consequence, state and individualresponsibilities require redefinition. Moreover, when individualizationis statutorily introduced, equal opportunities need to be guaranteed.However, equal opportunities are a long way from being implemented.The various pension-determining factors (for instance, labor-marketparticipation, wages, care) are still subject to, among otherthings, gender distinctions. This article analyzes the interrelationshipof (reformed) welfare arrangements, changed flows of resources,and female life courses in order to gain a better understandingof the gendered norms of pension entitlements.