论孤山智圆的鬼神祭祀观

作为北宋天台宗山外派的代表人物,孤山智圆的鬼神观以“神明”为线索,以“迁善而远罪,拨情而反性”为终极目标,这一目标的实现有赖于鬼神完成“有心”“化”“佛之理不远复”三个步骤的功夫展开.智圆所言之神具有“德”与“应”两个面向,且与人之间存在着德性化的感应关系,进而智圆以此将儒学“天—人”二元结构拓展为“天—神—人”三元结构,鬼神亦从中表现为一种世俗信仰的文化符号.在祭祀观方面,智圆在批判淫祀现象的荒谬性与普遍性的基础上,将“报德”作为祭祀的现实目标,以矫正时弊.总体来看,智圆的鬼神祭祀观具有逻辑性、实用性与系统性的特点.

On the Supernatural Beings and Sacrifice of Gu Shan Zhi Yuan

Gu Shan Zhi Yuan, the representative of the out-mountain school of Tiantai Sect in the Northern Song dynasty, presents his view of the Supernatural Beings which is based on Shenming, with ＂avoiding the evil, returning to the truth＂ as its ultimate goal, which requires three steps---- ＂Keeping the heart Changing＂ and ＂Returning to the ultimate truth＂, to be accomplished. The term of ＂God＂ not only includes ＂Morality＂ and ＂Reaction＂, but also has mutual reactions with human beings, which devel- oped the Confucian Relationship between Heaven and Humans into the Relationship between Heaven, God and Humans. Besides, the Supernatural Beings can be also regarded as the synlbol of secular beliefs. With regard to the Sacrifice, on the other hand, Zhi Yuan criticizes the absurdity and popularity of the improper Sacrifices. And then he treats the repaying kindness as the practical purpose of sacrifice. Generally speaking, the Supernatural Beings and Sacrifice of Zhi Yuan can be summed up as logicality, practicability and systematicness.