论清代中朝宗藩关系的非成文契约性及其更张

清代中国和朝鲜的宗藩关系是不同于近代以缔约为主要形式的双边关系，其确认和维持并无成文条约的保障，因此非成文契约性是中朝宗藩关系的显著特征之一。清朝迫使朝鲜断绝与明朝的宗藩关系，成为朝鲜的宗主国。虽然双方存有疑忌和戒备，但是由于东北亚国际格局有利于清朝维持与朝鲜的宗藩关系，因此中朝宗藩关系能长期保持非成文契约性的特征。随着清朝国力的衰弱，这种没有条约保证的双边关系在近代国际关系模式的冲击下，不得不通过“立约保藩”来暂时延续生命，但是这种措施最终也未能挽救中朝宗藩关系的解体。

The Changes of the Suzerain-vassal Relation without Written Agreement Between Qing Dynasty and Korea

The suzerain-vassal relation without any written agreement featured the relations between Qing Dynasty and Korea because there were no treaties to affirm it. The Qing Dynasty forced Korea to cut off the relations with Ming Dynasty and became the suzerain of Korea. In spite of doubts and alerts between both sides, the relation was kept for a long time due to the situation in Northeast Asia at that time. As China became weak during the late Qing Dynasty, this kind of foreign relations was assaulted by modern modes of international relations. Qing government had to make treaties with Korea to keep the suzerainvassal relation though the disintegration of the relation could not be avoided at last.