系统经济学研究:经济系统的定义与类型

系统经济学的研究对象是经济系统。经济系统是指由经济元（硬部）和它们之间的关系（软部）共同构成的有机整体。按照不同的标准可以把经济系统划分为不同的类型。按照经济系统与环境之间的关系可以把经济系统划分为孤立系统、封闭系统与开放系统。孤立系统与环境既没有硬资源交换、也没有软资源交换；封闭系统与环境只有软资源交换；开放系统与环境既有硬资源交换也有软资源交换。本文最后给出了经济系统类型划分的一般方法：（ｆ，θ，Ｄ）分类相对性准则。

Systematic Economic Research - the Definition and Classification of Economic Systems

Systematic economics studies economic systems which refer to the integrity of economic elements (hardware) and their relations (software). Economic systems are divisible into different types according to different standards. In view of the relationship with environments, they may be classified into isolated, closed and open systems. For isolated economic system, there is neither hard nor soft resource exchanges; for the closed system, only soft resource exchange and for the open system,both hard and soft exchanges. The present paper has proposed a general approach to its classification, i.e. the relativity criterion.