曹魏九品中正制的历史真相

曹魏时期官员的任职资格认定并非由中正所垄断,而是存在中正与行政长官两个评价系统:行政长官对官员入仕与晋升,不仅有提名权,而且评价其政绩才干;中正作资格审查时,仅给在职官员定"品",而不给察举对象定"品",仅以"辈"论。中正评价在职官员与察举对象的两种话语,在魏末改革中合二为一:中正之"品"化为"官品",而父辈官职决定子弟起家官职的选举惯例,使父辈的"官品"随之成为子弟的起家"资品",两者相差四等,是西晋"资品"与"官品"级差的来源。

The Historical Facts of the Nine-grade-by-Zhongzheng System in the Cao-Wei Period

In the Cao-Wei period,officials' qualification was not monopolized by Zhongzheng.However,there existed two evaluation systems:Zhengzhong and the administration superior.The administration superior had an authority to nominate officials,to determine who would be officials and their promotion,also to evaluate their accomplishment and ability.However,in checking up the officials' qualifications,Zhongzheng was to determine the Pin(ranks) only for the officials,not for those who were recommended to be officials,merely giving the latter the Bei grade(qualification).These two different terms of evaluating combined in the reform of late Wei period.The grading by Zhongzheng changed to be official ranks;and father's and elder's Pin determined a Zipin(qualification grade) for the younger's and children's starting position.The elder's Pin and the Children's Zipin differ in four ranks.Such was the source of the grade distinction of Guanpin and Zipin in the West Jin dynasty.