从艾森豪威尔到卡特：美国文官“高级行政职位”的建立

文章从勾勒美国建立文官高级行政职位的过程入手 ,比较了艾森豪威尔总统建议建立的“高级文官职位”、尼克松总统提出设立的“联邦行政职位”、卡特总统建立的“高级行政职位”的区别和共同点 ,分析了三位总统在改革美国文官制度方面成功和失败的原因。作者认为 ,美国“高级行政职位”的设立 ,实际上涉及到两个非常敏感的关系 ,即 :总统与高级文官之间的关系以及在这一关系背后发挥潜在影响的政治与行政的关系。“高级行政职位”(SES)的设立 ,无论是从行政或政治的角度 ,都加强了总统对文官的控制与监督

From Eisenhower to Carter: The Establishment of "Senior Executive Service" in the American Civil Service

This article explores the differences and similarities on the creation of the Senior Exective Service (SES) in the American Civil Service of the Eisenhower, Nixon and Carter Administrations by comparative studies. In particular, it points out reasons of the former two administrations'failure and the latter administration's success. The author argues that the Civil Service Reform of 1978 during the Carter Administration is no doubt the heritage from some ideas and suggestions of the Eisenhower and Nixon Administrations. At the same time, the author thinks, the creation of SES is involved in the relationship between the President and higher civil servants as well as the relationship between politics and executive. Moreover, after the creation of SES, the President controls the civil service more seriously than ever before, on the one hand, higher civil servants participate in enforcing and making policy decisions more directly than before, on the other hand.