国外主要国有森林资源管理体制及比较分析

国有林一直是世界森林资源的重要组成部分,全球公有林依然是主体构成,占全球森林面积的84.4％,在美国、加拿大、德国、英国、澳大利亚、日本、俄罗斯等七个国家的国有林的平均比重达到62.36％.目前世界上国有林的主要管理体制有中央政府主导的垂直管理、以州为主体的垂直管理、以省为主的分级协调、管理与经营分离等四种管理体制.在对这四种管理体制的体制形式、组织机构、人员和资金安排等方面进行比较分析发现:在管理体制上,都是基于国有林资源所有权确定,而且都遵循所有权和管理权限对应的原则,具体经营活动都不同程度引入市场机制；在管理机构设置上,世界各国国有林管理设立专门的管理组织机构负责国有林的管理工作,大部分国家的相关法律法规都明确了国有林的具体管理职责和权限；在用工制度上,国有林的管理人员实行公务员制度,具体经营人员按企业化管理；在资金管理上,基本都实行资金全额预算,收支两务线管理.上述国家在国有林管理中体现的生态优先、分类分级管理、政府主导资源管理与具体经营活动市场化,健全法律法规等对我国国有林改革具有重要借鉴与启示.

Comparison and Analysis of Main Management Systems of State owned Forest in the World

The state-owned forest is always an important part of the world’s forest resources,and the public forest land accounts for 84.4% of the total forest land in the world,and the state-owned forest takes 62.36% of the total in the main developed countries including USA,Canada,Germany,UK.Australia,Japan and Russia.There are mainly four types of management systems in the world including the vertical manage system by center government,the vertical manage system by state government,the classification coordination system with focus of province,the divided management system between management and detailed work about state-owned forest management system in the world.After analysing the system form,organization construction,and design of manager and financing of abovementioned forest management systems by comparison,it is found that the all management systems are based on the property right,the consistency between the property right and management right,and use the market measures in detailed management actives;the special institution to manage the state-owned forest is constituted and has the specific administration right and responsibility in the national law;they create the official system to manage the state-owned forest and the workers who are engaged in the detailed management activity are managed as corporation’s workers;the total management fee comes from the government budget and the total income are handed on to the government about the state-owned forest.Finally,the paper summarizes the experiences including ecological priority principle,classification management,administrating state-owned forest resources by government and using the market measures in the detailed management actives,and creating the completed legal system.There is important revelation to state-owned forest management system reform in China.