论康德刑罚道义报应学说

康德刑罚道义报应学说认为：自由是先验的理念，与生俱来，根源于人性之中，自由是道德法则的前提，道德本身只是目的，绝不是手段，道德法则就是自然法，意志的恶是刑罚报应的根据，等量是道义报应的标准。这种学说有片面性。其实，道德也有他律的一面：道德起源于社会的利益需要，道德也是为社会利益服务的。所以，行为人的道德的恶，应当从两个方面来评价：一是从行为人意志自由地违反“内在”道德责任的一面来评价，二是社会从“外部”对主观恶作出负价值判断的一面来评价。这两方面评价为刑罚的“相配性”、“轻缓性”提供了根据。

On Nemesis Theory by Kent

Kent's Nemesis Theory dictates that freedom is a transcendental concept deeply rooted in humanity,and also a precondition of moral laws.Morality,whose rules are laws of nature,is in itself not a means but an end.Therefore,the evil committed by free will is the basis for retribution measured in equal proportion.The narrowness of Kent's views lies in its ignorance of the ultraistic aspect of the moral laws which are necessitated by social needs to serve certain protocols.As far as human evil is concerned,judg...