赵树理的创作生涯与社会政治学模式

历来的赵树理研究,均未能从一个时代文艺模式的兴起与衰落上,来说明赵树理的创作生涯。赵树理的作品和他本人的经历,对于社会政治学模式来说,其实是一个相当典型的例子。赵树理本与民间文艺有深厚的联系,有长期运用民间形式写作的经历。赵树理的小说确实可以看作是雅俗交汇的产物。赵树理是当时新文艺方向的代表。当他上升为整个文艺界学习的榜样时,并且要求他的创作符合于某种文艺理论的全面要求时,赵树理就难以适应新形势对他的要求了。一方面赵树理确应提高一步,提高其作品的概括性,但另一方面社会政治学模式所要求的典型形象中有着一种观念化的设定,这同赵树理向着实际的、易于吸纳事物复杂性的眼光,又难以协调。还有一个矛盾,即提高艺术水平的问题。赵树理主要是在一种民间大众文艺环境中发展起来的,他所熟悉的是如何适合群众的阅读欣赏习惯来写作的。赵树理遇到此种历史的尴尬,就其实质而言,反映了大众化文艺运动在走向全国后所面临的发展困难。社会政治学模式的观念设定,连像赵树理这样曾在为政治作宣传上获得一片喝彩的作家都难以适应了。与农民自在的文艺有着血缘联系的赵树理,要成为一个大作家,他应在思想的深刻性及艺术表现的多样性、丰富性上,有一个重大的发展,并愈益具有世界性的艺术眼光才行。赵树理虽集雅俗于一身,却是俗多于雅,因而他应向着雅的方向有一个更大的提升。他的创作存在三个缺点:一是"重事轻人",二是"旧的多新的少",即"写旧人旧事容易生活化,但写新人新事有些免不了概念化",三是"在一个作品中按常规应出现的人和事,本该是应有尽有",但因求速效,而将作品中应该有脑子里却没有的人和事省略了,"结果成了有多少写多少"。对这三个缺点的认识,表明赵树理对于他50年代初强调的"赶任务"写作的主张有了理性上的否定。赵树理的颓势是显然的:一是他的写实作风难以适应社会政治学模式,二是他的艺术上的危机也日益严重。赵树理经历了从社会政治学模式确立到衰亡的全过程。

Zhao Shuli's Composing Career and His Mode of Social and Political Science

Studying Zhao Shuli all through the ages failed to explain his career from the rise and fall of arts and literature of time.In the sense of social and political science,Zhao Shuli's works and his experience are labeled as a sample.Zhao Shuli has long been composing with folk form due to his inherently connecting with folk literature,writing the novels fused with the secular and the noble.From the representative of new literature and art movement to the model of all literary circles at that time,he needed to meet overall requirements of some literary theory,but failed to achieve them.On one hand,Zhao should improve his writing skills and generality of his works,and on the other hand,he could hardly compromise on such fixed mode that was restricted by social and political definitions,which went against his practical viewpoints and tolerance attitude toward complexities.Another contradiction is to improve his art level.Zhao Shuli,developing under the literature for the masses,tried how to meet reading and appreciating habits of the masses,so he was bound to face the historical embarrassment,essentially,which was definitely the difficulty after the masses movement of literature and arts swept across the country.Fixed concepts set by mode of social and political science even made Zhao such a popular writer during political propaganda hard to adapt.Therefore,only through gaining a great leap in profound thinking and the diverse and abundant forms of arts,and through achieving a universal horizon,could he be upgraded as a great writer from the one featuring farmer's free arts.As a people's writer with refined and popular audiences,he should make more attempts toward refined style.In addition,there are three mistakes in his creation: first,overemphasis of plots rather than figures in stories;second,overwriting old memories instead of new things;third,redundant narrative with less required elements.Being aware of the three weaknesses,Zhao proved himself to deny his "writing for completing tasks" in the early 1950s.His realistic way of writing made him hard to adapt to the mode of social and political science at that time,forcing his crisis of arts more severe.Zhao Shuli had experienced the whole process from the rising and falling of social and political science mode.