需求不确定情况下绿色产品消费过程中政府的最优补贴

从化解绿色技术创新的环境外部效应出发，对绿色产品消费过程中政府如何给购买者提供补贴问题进行了研究。假定绿色产品的市场需求存在不确定性，讨论了需求函数分别为加法形式与乘积形式时，企业如何确定产品的价格和销量，以及政府如何选择补贴方式的策略问题。研究认为：给定需求函数的具体形式，政府提供的最优补贴或者价格折扣、企业最优产量以及政府实际补贴支出随着政府期望实现销售目标的提高而增加，随着市场风险的增加而增加。从政府补贴支出最小化角度来看，固定额度补贴方式为政府的最优选择。给定政府补贴支出，从实现企业产量最大化角度来看，价格折扣方式为政府的最优选择。对消费者来讲，政府应用价格折扣方式能够降低消费者的购买支出，提高消费者获得的福利剩余。

Government's Optimal Subsidiesduring the Adoption of Green Products under Uncertain Demand

Government subsidies for green products adoption while considering the supplier's response are studied in this paper. Government subsidies offered directly to consumers impact the supplier's production and pricing decisions. Considering the effects of uncertain demand, two different subsidy schemes are compared:a subsidy scheme and a price discount scheme. A frameworkfor policy makers to find optimal subsidies or optimal price discount rates is proposed. The results show that given the specific form of demand function, the optimal subsidy or price discount provided by governments, the optimal output of enterprises and the total expenditure of the government increase with the increase of thetarget adoption leveldesired by the government. From the perspective of minimizing government expected expenditure, the subsidy scheme is the best choice for governments. Given the government expenditure, from the perspective of maximizing the output of enterprises, a price discount scheme is the best choice for the government.The price discount scheme will reduce the consumers' expenditure and increase the welfare surplus of consumers, which is favorable to consumers. Our analysis expands the current understanding of the price-setting newsvendor model, and sheds some light on how demand uncertainty affects consumer subsidy policies, as well as price and production quantity decisions from manufacturers of green products.