等级制和社会网络:社会场域中的权力与交换关系

支撑社会生活的种种力量或结构可以分辨出两类独特且关键的社会实践形式,前者是政治的或行政的等级制(adiministrative hierarchy),也就是一般所称的"科层制"或"官僚制"(bureaucracy);后者则专指微观水平中行动者的人际关系的建构和维持,又称社会网络(social network).在对基本概念作了清理之后,文章的重心将放在对社会网络和等级制两者之间关系实例的阐述上.论证的主要依据是笔者1997年夏天在山东省济南市B镇所作的乡镇行政实地调查资料,并以此来和丹麦人类学家0le Bruun描述20世纪80年代中期至20世纪90年代初期四川省成都市某商业街区城市个体户和当地条块管理机构之间关系的民族志,以及美国人类学家杨美惠对中国20世纪70年代以来主要发生在城市地区的"关系学"的研究作相互的印证和批评,以使我们理解社会关系网络和权力等级制的特征、作用机制和互动效应.

Hierarchy and social network:the relationship of power and exchange in social contexts

It can identify two critical and distinct forms of social practice from the various social forces and social structures that underlie our social life. One is the political or administrative hierarchy, or the so called "bureaucracy"; the other is social network, which points to the continuous construction and maintenance of interpersonal relations between specific actors at the micro level. After an overall examination of some basic concepts, has focused on the illustration of three case studies that dealt with the relationship between formal powerful hierarchy and social network respectively on a cross-disciplinary foundation. Through this comparison among the main basis of proving is from the survery of the local governmental processes at Town B, Ji'nan City, Shandong Province in the summer of 1997, Ole Bruun's ethnography of the inter-relationship between local business people and administrative agencies at a specific ward in the city of Chengdu, Sichuan Province from mid 1980s to early 1990s, and Anthropologists-Mayfair Mei-hui Yang's study and its function of penetrating into and bridging over formal power structures and the civil society in urban China since 1970s, this article thus can help the readers to understand the characteristics, and operational mechanisms of social network and formal hierarchy.